岩淵 令治
国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History, 199 261-299, Dec, 2015
巨大都市江戸において、諸国から定期的に移動してくる各藩の勤番武士は重要な存在である。従来の研究では、勤番武士の行動は、外出、とくに遠出のみが注目され、「江戸ッ子」が創り出した田舎者イメージ「浅黄裏」、および江戸各所の名所をめぐる行動文化の担い手としての自由なイメージで語られてきた。こうした従来の検討に対して、筆者は勤番武士の日記や生活マニュアルについて、①江戸定住者によって作り出された田舎者のイメージから離れる、②勤務日・非外出日も含めた全行動を検討する、③外出については近距離の行動も視野に入れる、という視点から分析をすすめ、他者から見た江戸像や、江戸の体験(他文化)を経た自文化の発見、また彼らの消費行動に支えられた江戸の商人や地域を論じてきた。本稿では、臼杵藩の中級藩士国枝外右馬が初めての江戸勤番中に執筆した「国枝外右馬江戸日記」から行動を検討し、以下の点を明らかにした。第一に、本日記は手紙のように国元に頻繁に送られており、国元への報告という性格を明確に持っていることが特徴である。勤番武士の日記の検討にあたっては、こうした視点が今後不可欠であろう。第二に、行動についての概要を検討し、既に検討を加えた八戸藩・庄内藩の事例と比較した。その結果、他藩士と同様に、基本的には勤務と外出制限によって、居住地から二キロメートル以上離れた場所に出る日は少なく、とくに藩邸から離れた本所・深川などへはあまり訪れていないこと、ただし本事例では外出日が若干多く、また行動範囲もやや広い傾向がある点を明らかにした。第三に、勤務の内容から、外右馬の経験を検討し、自藩の大名社会における位置、ひいては幕府権力の巨大さを認識するに至った可能性を指摘した。これは政治都市・儀礼都市江戸における勤番による特徴的な経験であり、こうした情報が伝えられることによって、格式や自藩の位置が認識されていったのではないかと考えられる。勤番武士については、今後、時期、藩の規模、藩士の階層、藩邸の所在地など、異なる事例を蓄積した上で、さらに全行動を対象として比較・検討する必要があろう。Samurai warriors dispatched for duties in Edo, a giant capital city, from their home domains on a regular basis played an important role. Most prior studies on the activities of samurai warriors on duty in Edo focused on their outings, especially trips, and described them as country bumpkins who had been scornfully called "Asagi-ura" by the permanent residents of Edo or as free people who had enjoyed sightseeing in the capital city. In contrast, the author has analyzed the diaries and life manuals of samurai warriors with the following three approaches: (1) being free from their image as country bumpkins created by the permanent residents of Edo; (2) analyzing all of their activities including those on working days and non-outing days; and (3) covering both short and long outings. Thus, the author has discussed the image of Edo as seen by outsiders, the discovery of their own culture through experience in the city (a different culture), and the merchants and communities supported by their consuming activities.This paper analyzes Kunieda Tōma Edo Nikki, a diary written by Kunieda Tōma, a middle-class retainer of Usuki clan, during his first duties in Edo, to reveal the following three points.First, the diary has clear characteristics as a report to his family in the home domain since it was frequently sent like letters. The future studies of samurai warriors on duty in Edo will need to take this point of view.Secondly, this paper examines the outline of the activities recorded in the diary and compares them with those of Hachinohe and Shonai clans' samurai warriors that were previously analyzed. As a result, this paper reveals the following three points: (1) like other clansmen, Tōma rarely travelled more than 2km from the residence of his clan due to his duties and restrictions on outings; (2) in particular, he seldom visited places far from his clan's residence, such as Honjo and Fukagawa; (3) he had a little more outing days and a wider sphere of activities than others.Thirdly, the analysis of his duties to examine his experience indicates the possibility that he gained recognition of the position of his clan in the daimyō (feudal) society and the magnificence of the power of the Tokugawa Shogunate. This was a typical result of the experience from duties in Edo, a political capital full of rituals. It seems that the transmission of the information acquired in the city helped to spread formalities.Going forward, it will be necessary to accumulate case studies of different conditions (e.g., different ages in history, sizes of clans, classes of retainers, and locations of clan residences) in order to compare and analyze all the activities of samurai warriors on duty in Edo.一部非公開情報あり